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Behavior of materials for earth and rockfill dams: Perspective from unsaturated soil mechanics

Eduardo E. ALONSO, Rafaela CARDOSO,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第1期   页码 1-39 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0013-6

摘要： The basis of the design of earth and rockfill dams is focused on ensuring the stability of the structure under a set of conditions expected to occur during its life. Combined mechanical and hydraulic conditions must be considered since pore pressures develop during construction, after impoundment and in drawdown. Other instability phenomena caused by transient flow and internal erosion must be considered. The prediction of the hydro-mechanical behavior of traditional and non-traditional materials used in the construction of dams is therefore fundamental. The materials used for dam’s construction cover a wide range from clayey materials to rockfill. In a broad sense they are compacted materials and therefore unsaturated materials. A summary of the current level of knowledge on the behavior of traditional materials used in the construction of dams is presented in the paper. Regular compacted materials (with a significant clay fraction), rockfill and compacted soft rocks are studied with more detail. The latter are non-traditional materials. They are analysed because their use, as well as the use of mixtures of soil and rock, is becoming more necessary for sustainability reasons.

关键词： dams     unsaturated soil mechanics     suction     rockfill     clayey soil     mixture    

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A general framework for modeling long-term behavior of earth and concrete dams

Bernhard A. SCHREFLER, Francesco PESAVENTO, Lorenzo SANAVIA, Giuseppe SCIUME, Stefano SECCHI, Luciano SIMONI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第1期   页码 41-52 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0070-x

摘要： Many problems are linked with the long-term behavior of both earthdams and concrete dams. They range from hydraulic fracturing to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and to repair work in concrete dams, from seismic behavior to secondary consolidation in earthdams. A common framework for the simulation of such systems is shown, based on the mechanics of multiphase porous media. The general model is particularized to specific situations and several examples are shown.

关键词： earth dams     concrete dams     multiphase porous materials     coupled problems     hydraulic fracture     concrete hydration     alkali-silica reaction (ASR)     finite element method    

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高土石坝安全建设重大技术问题

马洪琪, 迟福东

《工程（英文）》 2016年 第2卷 第4期   页码 498-509 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.04.001

摘要：

土石坝由于对地基具有良好的适应性、能就地取材及充分利用建筑物开挖渣料、造价较低、水泥用量较少等优点，是西部地区一批拟建高坝的重点比选坝型。糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝的成功建设，解决了250 m 级土石坝重大关键技术难题。本文通过系统总结已建成的糯扎渡等高心墙堆石坝建设的经验，凝练高土石坝建设面临的变形控制、渗流控制、坝坡抗滑稳定、泄洪安全及控制、大坝安全建设与质量控制、安全评价及预警等关键科学技术问题，全面深入论述了已有的研究成果和基本结论，为未来300 m 级高土石坝建设提供参考和重要的技术支撑。

关键词： 高土石坝     安全建设     重大技术问题    

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Reliability and variance-based sensitivity analysis of arch dams during construction and reservoir impoundment

M. Houshmand KHANEGHAHI, M. ALEMBAGHERI, N. SOLTANI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第3期   页码 526-541 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0495-1

摘要： The static performance of arch dams during construction and reservoir impoundment is assessed taking into account the effects of uncertainties presented in the model properties as well as the loading conditions. Dez arch dam is chosen as the case study; it is modeled along with its rock foundation using the finite element method considering the stage construction. Since previous studies concentrated on simplified models and approaches, comprehensive study of the arch dam model along with efficient and state-of-the-art uncertainty methods are incorporated in this investigation. The reliability method is performed to assess the safety level and the sensitivity analyses for identifying critical input factors and their interaction effects on the response of the dam. Global sensitivity analysis based on improved Latin hypercube sampling is employed in this study to indicate the influence of each random variable and their interaction on variance of the responses. Four levels of model advancement are considered for the dam-foundation system: 1) Monolithic dam without any joint founded on the homogeneous rock foundation, 2) monolithic dam founded on the inhomogeneous foundation including soft rock layers, 3) jointed dam including the peripheral and contraction joints founded on the homogeneous foundation, and 4) jointed dam founded on the inhomogeneous foundation. For each model, proper performance indices are defined through limit-state functions. In this manner, the effects of input parameters in each performance level of the dam are investigated. The outcome of this study is defining the importance of input factors in each stage and model based on the variance of the dam response. Moreover, the results of sampling are computed in order to assess the safety level of the dam in miscellaneous loading and modeling conditions.

关键词： concrete arch dams     reliability     randomness     improved Latin hypercube sampling     variance-based sensitivity analysis     exceedance probability     Sobol′ index    

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Effect of earth reinforcement, soil properties and wall properties on bridge MSE walls

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第5期   页码 1209-1221 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0764-2

摘要： Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) retaining walls are popular for highway bridge structures. They have precast concrete panels attached to earth reinforcement. The panels are designed to have some lateral movement. However, in some cases, excessive movement and even complete dislocation of the panels have been observed. In this study, 3-D numerical modeling involving an existing MSE wall was undertaken to investigate various wall parameters. The effects of pore pressure, soil cohesion, earth reinforcement type and length, breakage/slippage of reinforcement and concrete strength, were examined. Results showed that the wall movement is affected by soil pore pressure and reinforcement integrity and length, and unaffected by concrete strength. Soil cohesion has a minor effect, while the movement increased by 13–20 mm for flexible geogrid reinforced walls compared with the steel grid walls. The steel grid stresses were below yielding, while the geogrid experienced significant stresses without rupture. Geogrid reinforcement may be used taking account of slippage resistance and wall movement. If steel grid is used, non-cohesive soil is recommended to minimize corrosion. Proper soil drainage is important for control of pore pressure.

关键词： mechanically stabilized earth walls     precast concrete panels     backfill soil     finite element modeling     earth reinforcement    

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Hazard potential of zones of weakness in gravity dams under impact loading conditions

Herbert LINSBAUER

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第1期   页码 90-97 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0008-3

摘要： Dam constructions worldwide are designed and constructed in view of the strictest safety aspects for all static and dynamic load cases. As experience shows, however, formation of cracks in the “homogeneos concrete” as well as unsatisfactory compound behavior of lift joints are not to be excluded. These zones of weakness especially on the upstream side of the dam— exposed to high water pressure (static and dynamic)— represent an increased risk of safety. The main investigation, apart from the computation of the dynamic effects on the dam as a global structure, focuses on the stability analysis of a pressure-water filled crack configuration subjected to “dynamic loading” in the form of seismic action on the dam-reservoir-system and alternatively by “impact spot-loading” within sectors of the reservoir. A fracture mechanics based analysis shows an excessive potential of damage for the afflicted structure.

关键词： dam-reservoir     earthquake     impact     cracking     fracture mechanics    

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Dynamic failure analysis of concrete dams under air blast using coupled Euler-Lagrange finite element

Farhoud KALATEH

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第1期   页码 15-37 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0465-7

摘要： In this study, the air blast response of the concrete dams including dam-reservoir interaction and acoustic cavitation in the reservoir is investigated. The finite element (FE) developed code are used to build three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of concrete dams. A fully coupled Euler-Lagrange formulation has been adopted herein. A previous developed model including the strain rate effects is employed to model the concrete material behavior subjected to blast loading. In addition, a one-fluid cavitating model is employed for the simulation of acoustic cavitation in the fluid domain. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effects of the air blast loading on the response of concrete dam systems. Hence, the analyses are performed for different heights of dam and different values of the charge distance from the charge center. Numerical results revealed that 1) concrete arch dams are more vulnerable to air blast loading than concrete gravity dams; 2) reservoir has mitigation effect on the response of concrete dams; 3) acoustic cavitation intensify crest displacement of concrete dams.

关键词： air blast loading     concrete dams     finite element     dam-reservoir interaction     cavitation     concrete damage model    

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水库大坝的安全问题和已建大坝的抗震安全性

Martin Wieland

《工程（英文）》 2016年 第2卷 第3期   页码 325-331 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.03.011

摘要：

对任何蓄水大坝工程的基本性能要求都是安全性，它包括以下安全要素：①结构安全性；②大坝安全监控；③运行安全和维护；④应急计划。长期安全包括：首先，分析影响项目的所有灾害，即自然环境灾害、人造环境灾害、特定项目和特定场地灾害。本文讨论的是大坝地震安全的特点。大坝是自20 世纪30 年代以来最早开始进行系统性抗震结构设计的建筑物，但由于多数大坝设计采用的是现今认为已过时的地震设计标准和动态分析方法，因此无法了解那些老坝的地震安全性。因此，需要基于当前最新做法，重新评估已建坝的地震安全性，并改造有缺陷的大坝。通常建议对大坝进行特定场地的地震危险性分析。当前的大坝以及用于控制强震后水库安全的设施必须能承受安全评估地震的地面运动。地震动参数可以利用概率或确定性地震危险性分析确定。强震作用下，大坝可能发生非弹性变形，因此需要在时域内进行地震分析。此外，地震对大坝造成的危害包括地面震动、断层移动、块体移动等。工程师所需的地面运动并非实际的地震地面运动，而是地面运动模型，用以进行大坝的抗震安全设计。同时必须牢记，在大坝较长的生命周期内，需要进行多次大坝安全评估。

关键词： 大坝     抗震设计     地震安全性     已建坝     设计标准     地震灾害     可持续性     使用寿命    

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Numerical analysis of nonlinear dynamic behavior of earth dams

Babak EBRAHIMIAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第1期   页码 24-40 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0082-6

摘要： A numerical study is conducted to investigate the dynamic behavior of earth dams. The numerical investigation employs a fully nonlinear dynamic finite difference analysis incorporating a simple elastic perfectly plastic constitutive model to describe the stress-strain response of the soil and the Rayleigh damping to increase the level of hysteretic damping. The extended Masing rules are implemented into the constitutive model to explain more accurately the soil response under general cyclic loading. The soil stiffness and hysteretic damping change with loading history. The procedures for calibrating the constructed numerical model with centrifuge test data and also a real case history are explained. For the latter, the Long Valley (LV) earth dam subjected to the 1980 Mammoth Lake earthquake as a real case-history is analyzed and the obtained numerical results are compared with the real measurements at the site in both the time and frequency domains. Relatively good agreement is observed between computed and measured quantities. It seems that the Masing rules combined with a simple elasto-plastic model gives reasonable numerical predictions. Afterwards, a comprehensive parametric study is carried out to identify the effects of dam height, input motion characteristics, soil behavior, strength of the shell materials and dam reservoir condition on the dynamic response of earth dams. Three real earthquake records with different levels and peak acceleration values (PGAs) are used as input motions. The results show that the crest acceleration decreases when the dam height increases and no amplification is observed. Further, more inelastic behavior and more earthquake energy absorption are observed in higher dams.

关键词： earth dam     numerical     nonlinear response     dynamic analysis     earthquake     dam height    

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Shape design of arch dams under load uncertainties with robust optimization

Fengjie TAN, Tom LAHMER

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第4期   页码 852-862 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0522-x

摘要： Due to an increased need in hydro-electricity, water storage, and flood protection, it is assumed that a series of new dams will be build throughout the world. The focus of this paper is on the non-probabilistic-based design of new arch-type dams by applying means of robust design optimization (RDO). This type of optimization takes into account uncertainties in the loads and in the material properties of the structure. As classical procedures of probabilistic-based optimization under uncertainties, such as RDO and reliability-based design optimization (RBDO), are in general computationally expensive and rely on estimates of the system’s response variance, we will not follow a full-probabilistic approach but work with predefined confidence levels. This leads to a bi-level optimization program where the volume of the dam is optimized under the worst combination of the uncertain parameters. As a result, robust and reliable designs are obtained and the result is independent from any assumptions on stochastic properties of the random variables in the model. The optimization of an arch-type dam is realized here by a robust optimization method under load uncertainty, where hydraulic and thermal loads are considered. The load uncertainty is modeled as an ellipsoidal expression. Comparing with any traditional deterministic optimization method, which only concerns the minimum objective value and offers a solution candidate close to limit-states, the RDO method provides a robust solution against uncertainty. To reduce the computational cost, a ranking strategy and an approximation model are further involved to do a preliminary screening. By this means, the robust design can generate an improved arch dam structure that ensures both safety and serviceability during its lifetime.

关键词： arch dam     shape optimization     robust optimization     load uncertainty     approximation model    

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Deviation correction strategy for the earth pressure balance shield based on shield–soil interactions

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第17卷 第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0676-4

摘要： The control system presently used in shield posture rectification is based on driver experience, which is marginally reliable. The study of the related theory is flawed. Therefore, a decision-making approach for the deviation correction trajectory and posture rectification load for an earth pressure balance (EPB) shield is proposed. A calculation model of posture rectification load of an EPB shield is developed by considering the interactions among the cutter head, shield shell, and ground. The additional position change during the shield attitude correction is highlighted. The posture rectification loads and shield behaviors results can be solved by the proposed method. The influences of the stratum distribution (i.e., bedrock height in the upper-soft and lower-hard strata) on shield behaviors and posture rectification loads are analyzed. Results indicated that the increase of pitch angle in the upper-soft and lower-hard strata causes a sharp rise in vertical displacement. The bedrock height increases the magnitudes of the required posture rectification moments when hr/D > 0.5. For a tunnel with hr/D ≤ 0.5, the variation of hr/D has little effect on the posture rectification moments. Finally, the posture rectifying curves based on the theoretical model are compared with the target ones based on the double circular arc interpolation method. The required results can be obtained regardless of the soil–rock compound stratum distribution. The maximum rectification moment in the rock layer is almost 12.6 times that in the soil layer. Overall, this study provides a valuable reference for moment determination and the trajectory prediction of posture rectification in compound strata.

关键词： additional position change     deviation correction trajectory     earth pressure balance shield     mechanical model     posture rectification    

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Soil spatial variability impact on the behavior of a reinforced earth wall

Adam HAMROUNI, Daniel DIAS, Badreddine SBARTAI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第2期   页码 518-531 doi: 10.1007/s11709-020-0611-x

摘要： This article presents the soil spatial variability effect on the performance of a reinforced earth wall. The serviceability limit state is considered in the analysis. Both cases of isotropic and anisotropic non-normal random fields are implemented for the soil properties. The Karhunen-Loève expansion method is used for the discretization of the random field. Numerical finite difference models are considered as deterministic models. The Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to obtain the deformation response variability of the reinforced soil retaining wall. The influences of the spatial variability response of the geotechnical system in terms of horizontal facing displacement is presented and discussed. The results obtained show that the spatial variability has an important influence on the facing horizontal displacement as well as on the failure probability.

关键词： reinforced earth wall     geosynthetic     random field     spatial variability     Monte Carlo simulation    

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Upper bound solution to seismic active earth pressure of submerged backfill subjected to partial drainage

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第6期   页码 1480-1493 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0776-y

摘要： In waterfront geotechnical engineering, seismic and drainage conditions must be considered in the design of retaining structures. This paper proposes a general analytical method to evaluate the seismic active earth pressure on a retaining wall with backfill subjected to partial steady seepage flow under seismic conditions. The method comprises the following steps: i) determination of the total head, ii) upper bound solution of seismic active earth thrust, and iii) deduction for the earth pressure distribution. The determination of total head h(x,z) relies on the Fourier series expansions, and the expressions of the seismic active earth thrust and pressure are derived by using the upper bound theorem. Parametric studies reveal that insufficient drainage and earthquakes are crucial factors that cause unfavorable earth pressure. The numerical results confirm the validity of the total head distribution. Comparisons indicate that the proposed method is consistent with other relevant existing methods in terms of predicting seismic active earth pressure. The method can be applied to the seismic design of waterfront retaining walls.

关键词： seismic active earth pressure     partial seepage flow     pore pressure     anisotropy     upper bound theorem    

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Earthquake analysis of arch and gravity dams including the effects of foundation inhomogeneity

LIN Gao, DU Jianguo, HU Zhiqiang

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第1期   页码 41-50 doi: 10.1007/s11709-007-0004-4

摘要： Dam-foundation interaction plays an important role in the design of earthquake-resistant concrete arch and gravity dams. Geological conditions of the dam canyon are usually very complicated; however, in the literature, the damfoundation interaction analysis is often carried out based on the premise of a homogeneous unbounded foundation. In this paper, the effect of foundation inhomogeneity on the seismic response of arch and gravity dams was studied by means of scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). In order to satisfy the similarity requirement of SBFEM and simplify the computational effort, a subdomain approach and a conical representation of an unbounded foundation were proposed. The way of partitioning the domain and the selection of open angle and bottom radius of the cone model on the accuracy of the result were examined. Numerical examples show that the proposed approach is rational and efficient. Cases of foundation inhomogeneity with stiffness varying in accordance with an exponential function along the radial direction, and cases of foundation inhomogeneity with stiffness discontinuity and with weak interlayer strata on the earthquake response of concrete arch dams as well as gravity dams were analyzed. It was found that a homogeneous idealization of the unbounded foundation may sometimes greatly underestimate the maximum earthquake stress response of the dam. Therefore, taking into account the effect of foundation inhomogeneity for the earthquake safety assessment of concrete arch and gravity dams has great significance.

关键词： selection     interlayer     damfoundation interaction     Geological     computational    

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Rare-earth separation based on the differences of ionic magnetic moment via quasi-liquid strategy

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第10期   页码 1584-1594 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2189-4

摘要： The separation of rare earth elements is particularly difficult due to their similar physicochemical properties. Based on the tiny differences of ionic radius, solvent extraction has been developed as the “mass method” in industry with hundreds of stages, extremely intensive chemical consumption and large capital investments. The differences of the ionic magnetic moment among rare earths are greater than that of ionic radius. Herein, a novel method based on the large ionic magnetic moment differences of rare earth elements was proposed to promote the separation efficiency. Rare earths were firstly dissolved in the ionic liquid, then the ordering degree of them was improved with the Z-bond effect, and finally the magnetic moment differences between paramagnetic and diamagnetic rare earths in quasi-liquid system were enhanced. Taking the separation of Er/Y, Ho/Y and Er/Ho as examples, the results showed that Er(III) and Ho(III) containing ionic liquids had obvious magnetic response, while ionic liquids containing Y(III) had no response. The separation factors of Er/Y and Ho/Y were achieved at 9.0 and 28.82, respectively. Magnetic separation via quasi-liquid system strategy provides a possibility of the novel, green, and efficient method for rare earth separation.

关键词： rare earth element     different magnetic moment     magnetic separation     ionic liquid    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Behavior of materials for earth and rockfill dams: Perspective from unsaturated soil mechanics

Eduardo E. ALONSO, Rafaela CARDOSO,

期刊论文

A general framework for modeling long-term behavior of earth and concrete dams

Bernhard A. SCHREFLER, Francesco PESAVENTO, Lorenzo SANAVIA, Giuseppe SCIUME, Stefano SECCHI, Luciano SIMONI

期刊论文

高土石坝安全建设重大技术问题

马洪琪, 迟福东

期刊论文

Reliability and variance-based sensitivity analysis of arch dams during construction and reservoir impoundment

M. Houshmand KHANEGHAHI, M. ALEMBAGHERI, N. SOLTANI

期刊论文

Effect of earth reinforcement, soil properties and wall properties on bridge MSE walls

期刊论文

Hazard potential of zones of weakness in gravity dams under impact loading conditions

Herbert LINSBAUER

期刊论文

Dynamic failure analysis of concrete dams under air blast using coupled Euler-Lagrange finite element

Farhoud KALATEH

期刊论文

水库大坝的安全问题和已建大坝的抗震安全性

Martin Wieland

期刊论文

Numerical analysis of nonlinear dynamic behavior of earth dams

Babak EBRAHIMIAN

期刊论文

Shape design of arch dams under load uncertainties with robust optimization

Fengjie TAN, Tom LAHMER

期刊论文

Deviation correction strategy for the earth pressure balance shield based on shield–soil interactions

期刊论文

Soil spatial variability impact on the behavior of a reinforced earth wall

Adam HAMROUNI, Daniel DIAS, Badreddine SBARTAI

期刊论文

Upper bound solution to seismic active earth pressure of submerged backfill subjected to partial drainage

期刊论文

Earthquake analysis of arch and gravity dams including the effects of foundation inhomogeneity

LIN Gao, DU Jianguo, HU Zhiqiang

期刊论文

Rare-earth separation based on the differences of ionic magnetic moment via quasi-liquid strategy

期刊论文